Antibiogram and non-detection of mecA gene in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from a sewage-imparted stream within a University community
Keywords:
Water samples, Staphylococcus spp., mecA gene, Sewage-imparted stream, University community, Nigeria
Abstract
Wastewater from households containing varying amount of chemicals such as antiseptics, antibiotics, bacteria and other toxic chemicals are directly discharged into the environment. The compounds present in the wastewater could play a role in the selection of antibiotic resistance in environmental bacteria and pose a public health risk to the environment. Water samples were obtained from five (5) selected points along the stream channel fortnightly for a period of four months. Isolation of Staphylococcus spp. was carried out on mannitol salt agar using the pour plate technique. Antibiotics susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Detection of mecA was carried out on methicillin resistant isolates by PCR using specific primers. A total of 53 Staphylococcus spp. were obtained from the wastewater sample; Staphylococcus aureus (79.2%), S. epidermidis (17%) and S. saprophyticus (3.8%). The antibiotics susceptibility test showed that 42% of the total isolates obtained were resistant to oxacillin, tetracycline (4%), chloramphenicol (4%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (2%) and linezolid (2%). There was no resistance to vancomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin and gentamycin. None of the twenty-two methicillin resistant isolates in this study possessed mecA gene. There is a need for adequate treatment of wastewater discharge before release into various receiving channels to prevent the increasing rate of antibiotics resistance develop in environmental bacteria.
References
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2. Baquero F, Martinez JL, Canton R. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments. Curr Opin Biotech. 2008; 19: 260-265.
3. Depledge M. Pharmaceuticals: reduce drug waste in the environment. Nature 2011; 478: 36.
4. Wright GD. Antibiotic resistance in the environment: a link to the clinic? Curr Opin Microbiol. 2010; 13: 589-594.
5. Martinez JL. Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants. Environ Pollut. 2009; 157: 2893-2902.
6. Ramessar K, Olaniran AO. Antibiogram and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered from treated wastewater effluent and receiving surface water in Durban, South Africa. World J Microbiol Biotech. 2019; 35 (9): 142.
7. Adewoye SO, Lateef A. Assessment of the microbiological quality of Clarias gariepinus exposed to an industrial effluent in Nigeria. Environmentalist. 2004; 24: 249-254.
8. Harrigan WF, McCance ME. Laboratory methods in food and dairy microbiology. Academic Press Incorporated, London. 1976.
9. Barrow GI, Feltham RKA. Cowan and Steel`s manual for the identification of medical bacteria. 3rd edn., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 1999.
10. Kirby-Bauer A. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing by agar diffusion method. J Clin Pathol. 1996; 44: 493.
11. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 27th edn. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2018.
12. Adekanmbi AO, Soyoye OF, Adelowo OO. Characterization of methicillin-resistance gene mecA in Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) recovered from wastewater of two healthcare facilities in Nigeria. Gene Reports 2019; 17: 1-5.
13. Breves A, Miranda CA, Flores C, Filippis I, Clementino G. Methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in health care workers and medical devices. J Bras Patol Med Lab. 2015; 51(3): 143-152.
14. Komai T. Exposure assessment of chemical substance from soil and groundwater environment. Shigen Kanya. 2002; 9: 249-255.
15. Rose JB, Sun GS, Gerba CP, Sinclair NA. Microbial quality and persistence of enteric pathogens in grey-water for various household sources. Water Res. 1991; 25: 37-42.
16. Bassey EE, Gwana AM, Buhari BY, Alhaji BM, Abubakar M, Abba MG, et al. Microbial estimation and characterization of wastewater and sludge in Awaka Metropolis, Nigeria. Int J Environ Protect Policy. 2017; 5(6-1): 23-32.
17. Ayandiran TA, Ayandele AA, Dahunsi SO, Ajala OO. Microbial assessment and prevalence of antibiotic resistance in polluted Oluwa River, Nigeria. Egypt J Aquatic Res. 2014; 40: 291-299.
18. Eze VC, Azubuike ND, Edward KC. Microbiological and organic pollutants characteristics of Umuosoko stream in Ikwuano Local Government area, Abia state, Nigeria. J Nat Sci Res. 2012; 2: 8.
19. Heb S, Gallert C. Sensitivity of antibiotic resistant and antibiotic susceptible Escherichia coli, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus strains against ozone. J Water Health. 2015; 13(4): 1020-1028.
20. Naquin A, Clement J, Sauce M, Grabert R, Sherpa M, Boopathy R. Presence of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in sewage treatment plant. J Water Sustain. 2014; 4: 227-236.
21. Goldstein RER, Micallef SA, Gibbs SG, Davis JA, He X, George A, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) detected at four U.S. wastewater treatment plants. Environ Health Persp. 2012; 120: 1551-1558.
22. Fagade EO, Ezeamagu OC, Oyelade AA, Ogunjobi AA. Comparative study of antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus species isolated from clinical and environmental sample. AU J Tech. 2010; 13(3): 165-169.
23. Moges F, Endris M, Beyhun Y, Worku W. Isolation and characterization of multiple drug resistance bacterial pathogens from wastewater in hospital and non-hospital environments, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res. 2014; 7: 215.
24. Akanbi OE, Njom AH, Fri J, Otigbu CA, Clarke MA. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from recreational waters and beach sand in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017; 14(9): 1001.
25. Dong L, Tao Y, Zhang Y, Yang M, Li Z, Liu M, Rong Q. Antibiotic resistance characteristics of environmental bacteria from an oxytetracycline production wastewater treatment plant and receiving river. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010; 76(11): 3444-3451.
26. Farria C, Vaz- Moreira I, Serapicos E, Nunes OC, Manaia CM. Antibiotic resistance in coagulase negative Staphylococci isolated from wastewater and drinking water. Sci Total Environ. 2009; 407: 3876-3882.
27. Shanthi J, Saravanan T, Blagurunathan R. Isolates of tannery effluent and their antibiogram from effluent plant in South India. J Chem Pharm Res. 2012; 4(4): 1974-1977.
28. Hafsat AG, Yaqub AG, Galadima BG, James AA, Abubakar S. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): a review. Adv Animal Vet Sci. 2015; 3(2): 79-98.
29. Adekanmbi AO, Falodun OI. Heavy metals and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from several points receiving daily inputs from the Bodija Abattoir in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Adv Microbiol. 2015; 5 (13): 871-880.
30. Elhassan MM, Ozbak HA, Hemeg HA, Elmekki MA, Ahmed LM. Absence of the mecA gene in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different clinical specimens in Shendi City, Sudan. BioMed Res Int. 2015: ID 895860.
31. Chambers HF. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci: molecular and biochemical basis and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997; 10: 781-791.
32. Hawraa WA, Al-Dulami T, Al_Marzoqi. Phenotypic detection of resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates: detection of (mecA and femA) gene in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by polymerase chain reaction. J Nat Sci Res. 2014; 4: 112-118.
Published
2020-01-13
How to Cite
Adekanmbi, A., Osuzoka, I., Aremu, O., & Olaposi, A. (2020). Antibiogram and non-detection of mecA gene in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from a sewage-imparted stream within a University community. MicroMedicine, 8(1), 28-37. Retrieved from http://www.journals.tmkarpinski.com/index.php/mmed/article/view/317
Section
Research Articles
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