Immunomodulation: a broad perspective for patients’ survival of COVID-19 infection
Keywords:
Coronavirus, COVID-19, Inflammation, Cytokines, Immunomodulation
Abstract
The pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is yet to be well understood. However, patients with the virus show clinical manifestations which are very similar to those of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This and other scientific findings reveal that acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the main cause of death in most COVID-19 patients. A vital mechanism for the development of the ARDS is cytokine storm which arises from an aggressive uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response that results from the release of large numbers of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review seeks to draw the attention of the scientific community to the possibilities of improving the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients based on the knowledge of altering the development of this hyper-inflammatory process by suggesting drugs that targets the implicated immune cells, receptors, cytokines and inflammatory pathways without having generalized effect on the entire immune system.
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References
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3. World Health Organization [WHO], 2020. Situation reports. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports.
4. World Health Organization [WHO], 2020. SARS [Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome]. https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/en/
5. Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal. 2020; 1016: 03.
6. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 497-506.
7. Xu ZL, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(4): 420-422.
8. Jose JR, Manuel A. COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; S2213-2600(20): 30216-2.
9. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Mansion JJ. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndrome and immunosuppression. Lancet. 2020; 395(10229): 1033-2034.
10. Marietta M, Ageno W, Artoni A, De Candia E, Gresele P, et al. COVID-19 and haemostasis: a position paper from Italian Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis [SISET]. Blood Transfus. 2020; 18(3):167-169.
11. Shakoory B, Carcillo JA, Chatham WW, Amdur RL, Zhao H, Dinarello CA, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor blockade is associated with reduced mortality in sepsis patients with feature of macrophage activation syndrome; reanalysis of a prior Phase III Trial. Crit Care Med. 2016; 44(2): 275-281.
12. D'Elia RV, Harrison K, Oyston PC, Lukaszewski RA, Clark GC. Targeting the “cytokine storm” for therapeutic benefit. Clin Vac Immunol. 2013; 20(3): 319-327.
13. Zhang Y, Liang C. Innate recognition of microbial-derived signals in immunity and inflammation. Sci China Life Sci. 2016; 59(12): 1210-1217.
14. Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2017; 9(6): 7204-7218.
15. Couper KN, Blount DG, Riley EM. IL-10: the master regulator of immunity to infection. J Immunol. 2008; 180(9): 5771-5777.
16. Opal SM, DePalo VA. Anti-inflammatory cytokines. Chest. 2000; 117(4): 1162-1172.
17. Serhan CN, Hong S, Gronert K, Colgan SP, Devchand PR, et al. Resolvins: a family of bioactive products of omega-3 fatty acid transformation circuits initiated by aspirin treatment that counter proinflammation signals. J Exp Med. 2002; 196(8): 1025-1037.
18. Bannenberg GL, Chiang N, Ariel A, Arita M, Tjonahen E, Gotlinger KH, et al. Molecular circuits of resolution: formation and actions of resolvins and protectins. J Immunol. 2005; 174(7): 4345-4355.
19. Sun YP, Oh SF, Uddin J, Yang R, Gotlinger K, Campbell E, et al. Resolvin D1 and its aspirin-triggered 17R epimer. Stereochemical assignments, anti-inflammatory properties, and enzymatic inactivation. J Biol Chem. 2007; 282: 9324-9334.
20. Arita M, Yoshida M, Hong S, Tjonahen E, Glickman JN, Petasis NA, et al. Resolvin E1, an endogenous lipid mediator derived from omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid, protects against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005; 102(21): 7671-7676.
21. Czura C, Rosas-Ballina M, Tracey KJ. Cholinergic regulation of inflammation. Psychoneuroimmunol. 1, 2007; 1: 85-96.
22. Bernik TR, Friedman SG, Ochani M, DiRaimo R, Ulloa L, Yang H, et al. Pharmacological stimulation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. J Exp Med. 2002; 195(6): 781-788.
23. Gao W, Xiong Y, Li Q, Yang H. Inhibition of Toll-like receptor signaling as a promising therapy for inflammatory diseases: A journey from molecular to nanotherapeutics. Front Physiol. 2017; 3389: 05.
24. Ulevitch RJ. Therapeutics targeting the innate immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004; 4(7): 512-520.
25. Matsunaga N, Tsuchimori N, Matsumoto T, Ii M. TAK-232 (resatorvid), a small-molecule inhibitor of Toll-like receptor [TLR] 4 signaling, binds selectively to TLR4 and interferes with interactions between TLR4 and its adaptor molecules. Mol Pharmacol. 2011; 79: 34-41.
26. Barochia A, Solomon S, Cui X, Natanson C, Eichacker PQ. Eritoran tetrasodium [E5564] treatment for sepsis: review of preclinical and clinical studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2011; 7: 479-494.
Published
2020-07-22
How to Cite
(1)
Adeboboye, C.; Oladejo, B.; Adebolu, T. Immunomodulation: A Broad Perspective for Patients’ Survival of COVID-19 Infection. European Journal of Biological Research 2020, 10, 217-224.
Section
Review Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
