Using prostatic fluid levels of zinc concentration in non-invasive and highly accurate screening for prostate cancer
Keywords:
Urology screening, Prostate cancer, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Chronic prostatitis, Expressed prostatic fluid, Zn content, Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) does not provide the high reliability and precision that is required for an accurate screening for prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of our study was to search for a simple, rapid, direct, preferably non-invasive, and highly accurate biomarker and procedure for the screening for PCa. For this purpose the level of Zn was prospectively evaluated in expressed prostatic fluid (EPF), obtained from 38 apparently healthy males and from 33, 51, and 24 patients with chronic prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia and PCa, respectively. Measurements were performed using an application of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent (EDXRF) microanalysis developed by us. It was found that in the EPF of cancerous prostates the level of Zn was significantly lower in comparison with those in the EPF of normal, inflamed, and hyperplastic prostates. It was shown that “Sensitivity”, “Specificity” and “Accuracy” of PCa identification using the Zn level in the EPF samples were all significantly higher than those resulting from of PSA tests in blood serum. It was concluded that the Zn level in EPF, obtained by EDXRF, is a fast, reliable, and non-invasive diagnostic tool that can be successfully used by local, non-urologist physicians at the point-of-care to provide a highly effective PCa screening and as an additional confirmatory test before a prostate gland biopsy.
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34. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Ratio of zinc to bromine, iron, rubidium, and strontium concentration in the prostatic fluid of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Acta Scient Med Sci. 2019; 3(6): 49-56.
35. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Ratio of zinc to bromine, iron, rubidium, and strontium concentration in expressed prostatic secretions as a source for biomarkers of prostatic cancer. Am J Res. 2019; 5-6: 140-150.
36. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Some trace element contents and ratios in prostatic fluids as ancillary diagnostic tools in distinguishing between the benign prostatic hyperplasia and chronic prostatitis. Arch Urol. 2019; 2(1): 12-20.
37. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Ratio of zinc to bromine, iron, rubidium, and strontium concentration in the prostatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis. Global J Med Res. 2019; 19(4): 9-15.
38. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Significance of trace element quantities in the prostatic secretion of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. J Cancer Metastasis Treat. 2019; 5(48): 1-9.
39. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Some trace element contents and ratios in prostatic fluids as ancillary diagnostic tools in distinguishing between the chronic prostatitis and prostate cancer. Med Res Clin Case Rep. 2019; 3(1): 1-10.
40. Zaichick V. Applications of synthetic reference materials in the medical Radiological Research Centre. Fresenius J Anal Chem. 1995; 352: 219-223.
41. Hjertholm P, Fenger-Gron M, Vestergaard M, Christensen MB, Borre M, Møller H, Vedsted P.Variation in general practice prostate-specific antigen testing and prostate cancer outcomes: An ecological study. Int J Cancer. 2015; 136: 435-442.
42. Genes VS. Simple methods for cybernetic data treatment of diagnostic and physiological studies. Nauka, Moscow, 1967.
43. Rossmann M, Zaichick S, Zaichick V. Determination of key chemical elements by energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence analysis in commercially available infant and toddler formulas consumed in UK. Nutr Food Technol Open Access. 2016; 2(4): 1-7.
2. Dasgupta P, Baade PD, Aitken JF, Ralph N, Chambers SK, Dunn J. Geographical variations in prostate cancer outcomes: a systematic review of international evidence. Front Oncol. 2019; 9: 238.
3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017; 67(1): 7-30.
4. Qi D, Wu C, Liu F, Gu K, Shi Z, Lin X, et al. Trends of prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Shanghai, China from 1973 to 2009. Prostate. 2015; 75: 1662-1668.
5. Tkac J, Gajdosova V, Hroncekova S, Bertok T, Hires M, Jane E, Lorencova L, Kasak P. Prostate-specific antigen glycoprofiling as diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of prostate cancer. Interface Focus. 2019; 9(2): 20180077.
6. Zapała P, Dybowski B, Poletajew S, Radziszewski P. What can be expected from prostate cancer biomarkers. A clinical perspective. Urol Int. 2018; 100(1): 1-12.
7. Sorokin I, Mian BM. Risk calculators and updated tools to select and plan a repeat biopsy for prostate cancer detection. Asian J Androl. 2015; 17(6): 864-869.
8. Qu M, Ren SC, Sun YH. Current early diagnostic biomarkers of prostate cancer. Asian J Androl. 2014; 16(4): 549-554.
9. Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Parnes HL, et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or=4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 2239-2246.
10. Alotaibi KM. Incidence of prostate cancer among patients with prostate-related urinary symptoms: A single institution series in 10 years. Urol Ann. 2019; 11(2): 135-138.
11. Hayes B, Murphy C, Crawley A, O'Kennedy R. Developments in point-of-care diagnostic technology for cancer detection. Diagnostics (Basel). 2018; 8(2): pi: E39.
12. Zaichick V. INAA and EDXRF applications in the age dynamics assessment of Zn content and distribution in the normal human prostate. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2004; 262: 229-234.
13. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. The effect of age on Br, Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Mn, and Na mass fraction in pediatric and young adult prostate glands investigated by neutron activation analysis. Appl Radiat Isot. 2013; 82: 145-151.
14. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. INAA application in the assessment of Ag, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, and Zn mass fraction in pediatric and young adult prostate glands. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2013; 298(3): 1559-1566.
15. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. NAA-SLR and ICP-AES Application in the assessment of mass fraction of 19 chemical elements in pediatric and young adult prostate glands. Biol Trace Element Res. 2013; 156(1): 357-366.
16. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Use of neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of trace elements in pediatric and young adult prostate. Am J Anal Chem. 2013; 4: 696-706.
17. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Relations of bromine, iron, rubidium, strontium, and zinc content to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands. Biol Trace Element Res. 2014; 157(3): 195-204.
18. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Relations of the neutron activation analysis data to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands. Adv Biomed Sci Engin. 2014; 1(1): 26-42.
19. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Relations of the Al, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, Sr, and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands. BioMetals. 2014; 27(2): 333-348.
20. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. The distribution of 54 trace elements including zinc in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate gland tissues. J Clin Lab Invest Updates. 2014; 2(1): 1-15.
21. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Androgen-dependent chemical elements of prostate gland. Androl Gynecol Curr Res. 2014; 2: 2.
22. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Differences and relationships between morphometric parameters and zinc content in nonhyperplastic and hyperplastic prostate glands. BJMMR. 2015; 8(8): 692-706.
23. Zaichick V. The prostatic urethra as a Venturi effect urine-jet pump to drain prostatic fluid. Med Hypotheses. 2014; 83: 65-68.
24. Mackenzie AR, Hall T, Whitmore WFJr. Zinc content of expressed human prostate fluid. Nature (London). 1962; 193(4810): 72-73.
25. Marmar JL, Katz S, Praiss DE, DeBenedictis TJ. Values for zinc in whole semen, fraction of split ejaculate and expressed prostatic fluid. Urology. 1980; 16(5): 478-480.
26. Zaichick V, Tsyb A, Dunchik VN, Sviridova TV. Method for diagnostics of prostate diseases. Certificate of invention No 997281 (30.03.1981), 1981, Russia.
27. Zaichick V, Sviridova T, Zaichick S. Zinc concentration in human prostatic fluid: normal, chronic prostatitis, adenoma, and cancer. Int Urol Nephrol. 1996; 28(5): 687-694.
28. Zaichick V, Zaichick S, Davydov G. Method and portable facility for measurement of trace element concentration in prostate fluid samples using radionuclide-induced energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis. Nucl Sci Tech. 2016; 27(6): 1-8.
29. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Effect of age on the Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn concentrations in human prostatic fluid investigated by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent microanalysis. MicroMed. 2018; 6(2): 94-104.
30. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Trace element concentrations in the expressed prostatic secretion of normal and hyperplastic prostate. J Urol Neph St. 2018; 1(3): 1-7.
31. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Trace elements of expressed prostatic secretions as a source for biomarkers of prostatic cancer. J Clin Res Oncol. 2018; 1(1): 1-7.
32. Zaichick V, Zaichick S.Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn levels in the prostatic secretion of patients with chronic prostatitis. Int Arch Urol Complic. 2018; 4: 046.
33. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Significance of trace element quantities in the prostatic secretion of patients with chronic prostatitis and prostate cancer. JBRR. 2019; 2(1): 56-61.
34. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Ratio of zinc to bromine, iron, rubidium, and strontium concentration in the prostatic fluid of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Acta Scient Med Sci. 2019; 3(6): 49-56.
35. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Ratio of zinc to bromine, iron, rubidium, and strontium concentration in expressed prostatic secretions as a source for biomarkers of prostatic cancer. Am J Res. 2019; 5-6: 140-150.
36. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Some trace element contents and ratios in prostatic fluids as ancillary diagnostic tools in distinguishing between the benign prostatic hyperplasia and chronic prostatitis. Arch Urol. 2019; 2(1): 12-20.
37. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Ratio of zinc to bromine, iron, rubidium, and strontium concentration in the prostatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis. Global J Med Res. 2019; 19(4): 9-15.
38. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Significance of trace element quantities in the prostatic secretion of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. J Cancer Metastasis Treat. 2019; 5(48): 1-9.
39. Zaichick V, Zaichick S. Some trace element contents and ratios in prostatic fluids as ancillary diagnostic tools in distinguishing between the chronic prostatitis and prostate cancer. Med Res Clin Case Rep. 2019; 3(1): 1-10.
40. Zaichick V. Applications of synthetic reference materials in the medical Radiological Research Centre. Fresenius J Anal Chem. 1995; 352: 219-223.
41. Hjertholm P, Fenger-Gron M, Vestergaard M, Christensen MB, Borre M, Møller H, Vedsted P.Variation in general practice prostate-specific antigen testing and prostate cancer outcomes: An ecological study. Int J Cancer. 2015; 136: 435-442.
42. Genes VS. Simple methods for cybernetic data treatment of diagnostic and physiological studies. Nauka, Moscow, 1967.
43. Rossmann M, Zaichick S, Zaichick V. Determination of key chemical elements by energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence analysis in commercially available infant and toddler formulas consumed in UK. Nutr Food Technol Open Access. 2016; 2(4): 1-7.
Published
2020-01-13
How to Cite
Zaichick, V., & Zaichick, S. (2020). Using prostatic fluid levels of zinc concentration in non-invasive and highly accurate screening for prostate cancer. MicroMedicine, 8(1), 1-11. Retrieved from https://www.journals.tmkarpinski.com/index.php/mmed/article/view/239
Section
Research Articles
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