Spatial distribution of Tsetse fly and prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in selected sites of Southern Ethiopia
Keywords:
Anca-ocha, Glossina, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosomosis
Abstract
A cross sectional study was conducted from June 2023 to March 2024 to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and density of Tsetse fly in Southern Ethiopia. Total of 432 blood samples collected from systematically selected cattle and examined using buffy coat and thin blood smear examination. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis found 6.5% with Trypanosoma congolense (78.6%) and T. vivax (21.4%) being the causative agents. Significantly higher disease occurrence were observed in lowland areas (7.5%, 95% CI: 5.2-10.7) than highland (1.4%, 95% CI: 0.2-9.4). Similarly, poor body conditioned cattle (13.8%, 95% CI: 9.3-20.0) had shown significantly higher infection than medium (3.2%, 95% CI: 1.2-8.3) and good (0.7%, 95% CI: 0.01-5.1) (P < 0.05). The mean PCV value was 25.89 ± 4.57 with significantly higher (P < 0.05) was recorded in infected cattle (20.61 ± 3.50) than non-infected (26.25 ± 4.41). Total of 300 flies caught by using 50NGU traps, giving overall apparent density of 0.86 f/t/d for Glossina pallidipes and 2.14f/t/d for other biting fly. The study highlights the need for comprehensive control measures, such as use of insecticide-treated targets, traps and chemoprophylaxis, to prevent spread of the disease in the study area.
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References
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37. Leak SG. Tsetse Biology and Ecology: their role in the epidemiology and control Trypanosomosis. CABI Publishing in association with the ILRI, 1999: E152-E210.
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47. Kedir M, Lelisa K, Damena D. Bovine Trypanosomosis and Tsetse Fly Vectors in Abobo and Gambela Districts, Southwestern Ethiopia. J Vet Sci Technol. 2016; 7: E380.
48. Eshetu E, Barata B. The Distribution of Tsetse Flies Species and other Biting Flies in Mareka District of Dawuro Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci. 2017; 4(10): E10-E14.
49. Degneh E. Bovine Trypanosomosis: Epidemiology and Drug Resistance study in selected sites of KellemWollega Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. PhD Dissertation, Bishoftu, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa University, 2019.
50. Megersa L, Feyisa B, Dereje A, Behablom M. Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Apparent Density of Tsetse Fly in Botor Tolay District, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2019; 13(3): 002401.
51. Leak S, Mulatu W, Rowlands G. Risk factors related to the presence of tsetse flies in the Southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1999; 93: E627-E635.
52. Simarro P, Cecchi G, Franco J, Paone M, Diarra A, Ruiz-Postigo J, Fèvre E. Estimating and mapping the population at risk of sleeping sickness. PLoS Neglect Trop Dis. 2010; 4(1): E659.
53. Mihret E, Abebe B, Abebe Y. Assessment of tsetse fly abundance and its associated risk factors in and around Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia. J Vet Med Animal Health. 2015; 7(3): 63-72.
2. Taylor K, Authié E. Pathogenesis of African Trypanosomosis. In: I Maudlin PH Holmes MA Miles. The Trypanosomosis. Wallingford: CAB International, 2004: 331-353.
3. Taylor A, Co P, Wall L. Veterinary Parasitology, 3rd ed. UK. Blackwell publishing, 2007: 44-102.
4. Cecchi G, Mattioli R, Slingenbergh J, De La Rocque S. Land cover and tsetse fly distributions in sub-Saharan Africa. Med Vet Entomol. 2008; 22(4): E364–E373.
5. Rogers D, Robinson T. Tsetse distribution. In: Maudlin, I, et al. (Eds.) The trypanosomosis. Wallingford, UK: CABI International, 2004: 139-179.
6. OIE (World Animal Health Organization). Trypanosomosis, Tsetse-Transmitted. OIE Terrestrial Manual. OIE, Rome, Italy, 2013; http://www.oie.int.
7. Abebe G. Trypanosomosis in Ethiopia. Ethiopia J Biol Sci. 2005; 4: E75-E121.
8. Langridge W. Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Survey of Ethiopia. Ministry of Overseas Department UK Scientific Research Publishing, 1976.
9. Leta S, Alemayehu G, Seyoum Z, Bezie M. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Ethiopia: a meta-analysis. Parasites Vectors. 2016; 9(1): E1–E9.
10. Alembo E. Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Tsetse Fly Density in Different Regions of Ethiopia. A Review. J Vet Sci Technol. 2019; 10: E583.
11. Tafese W, Melaku A, Fentahun T. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in two districts of East Wollega zone, Ethiopia. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 2012; 79: E123-E128.
12. DAHRC. Dilla Animal Health Research Center Annual report. Dilla. 2024.
13. Gatenby R. The Tropical Agriculture. London and Beging Stock Mc Millan Education Ltd, London, 1991.
14. Nicholson M, Butterworth M. A Guide to Condition Scoring of Zebu Cattle. International Livestock center for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1986: E1-E29.
15. Sheferaw D, Birhanu B, Asrade B, Abera, M, Tusse T. Bovine trypanosomosis and glossina distribution in selected areas of southern part of Rift Valley, Ethiopia. Acta Trop. 2015; 154: E145-E148,.
16. Thrusfield M. Veterinary epidemiology 4th edition. Veterinary Clinical Studies Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies. University of Edinburgh, 2018: E275-E276.
17. Douglas J, Wardrop K. Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology, 6th edn. Blackwell, Oxford, 2010.
18. OIE (World Animal Health Organization). Trypanosomosis: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. France, 2013, www.oie.int.
19. Murray M, Murray PK, McIntyre WI. An improved technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomosis. Trans R. Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1977; 71: E325-E326.
20. Luckins A. Methods for diagnosis of trypanosomosis in livestock. World Animal Rev. 1992; 70: 15-20.
21. Malele I, Craske L, Knight C, Ferris VV, Njiru Z, Hamilton P, et al. The use of specific and generic primers to identify trypanosome infections of wild tsetse in Tanzania by PCR. Infect Gen Evol, 2003; 3: E271-E279.
22. Gibson W, Bailey M. The development of Trypanosome brucei within the tsetse fly midgut observed using green fluorescent trypanosomes. Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2003; 2(1): 1.
23. Pollock J. Training Manual for Tsetse Control Personnel. Tsetse Biology, Systematics and Distribution, Techniques. FAO, 1. Rome, 1982.
24. Adale E, Yasine A. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Wolaita Zone Kindo Koisha District of Ethiopia. Afr J Agricult Res. 2013; 8: E6383-E6387.
25. Abera Z, Fekadu M, Kabeta T, Kebede G, Mersha T. Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Bako Tibe District of West Shoa and Gobu Seyo Districts of West Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Eur J Biol Sci. 2014; 6: E71-E80.
26. Seyoum Z, Abera D. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Chilga District, Northwest Ethiopia; Using Aldehyde and Parasitological testse. Acad J Microbiol Res. 2016; 4: E072-E077.
27. Keffale M, Shabula Z, Tamerat N. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in Dara District Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia. J Parasitol Vector Biol. 2017; 9: E132-E136.
28. Emiru W, Dinbasha E, Dagafa W, Kune A. Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in and Around Sadi Chanka District, Western Oromia. Bio Med J Sci Tech Res. 2022; 42(5): 33947-33952.
29. Fesseha H, Eshetu E, Mathewos M, Tilante T. Study on Bovine Trypanosomosis and Associated Risk Factors in Benatsemay District, Southern Ethiopia. Environ Health Insights. 2022; 16: E1-E10.
30. Thumbi S, Jung’a J, Mosi R, McOdimba F. Spatial distribution of African Animal Trypanosomiasis in Suba and Teso districts in Western Kenya. BMC Res. 2010; 3: 6.
31. Mulenga G, Namangala B, Gummow B. Prevalence of trypanosomes and selected symbionts in tsetse species of eastern Zambia. Parasitology. 2022; 149: E1406–E1410.
32. Biyazen H, Duguma R, Asaye M. Trypanosomosis, Its Risk Factors, and Anaemia in Cattle Population of Dale Wabera District of Kellem Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia. J Vet Med. 2014; 374191: 6.
33. Girma K, Meseret T, Tilahun Z, Haimanot D, Firew L, Tadele K, Zelalem A. Revalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis, its Vector Density and Distribution in and Around Arbaminch, Gamogofa Zone, Ethiopia. Acta Parasitol Glob. 2014; 5(3): E169-E176.
34. Kivali V, Kiyong’a A, Fyfe J, Toye P, Fèvre E, Cook E. Spatial Distribution of Trypanosomes in Cattle from Western Kenya. Front Vet Sci. 2027; 7: 554.
2. Katabazi A, Almustapha A, GiftWitto S, Odoki M, Musinguz S. Prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax in Lira District, Uganda. Biomed Res Int. 2021: 1-7.
35. Abebe L, Dessie M, Solomon M. Bovine Trypanosomosis and Tsetse Fly Densities during the wet humid period in Loka Abaya District of Sidama National Regional State, Southern Ethiopia. J Entomol Nematol. 2021; 13: E12-E18.
3. Eyasu T, Mekuria S, Sheferaw D. Seasonal prevalence of trypanosomosis, Glossina density and infection along the escarpment of Omo River, Loma district, Southern Ethiopia. Heliyon, 20217; e06667.
36. Seyoum W, Tora E, Kore K, Lejebo F. Seasonal Patterns: Bovine Trypanosomosis, Glossina pallidipes Density and Infection in Rift Valleys of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci. 2022; 9: 805564.
37. Leak SG. Tsetse Biology and Ecology: their role in the epidemiology and control Trypanosomosis. CABI Publishing in association with the ILRI, 1999: E152-E210.
38. Tsegaye D, Terefe G, Delema D, Tadesse A. Bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors: prevalence and control operations in Kellem Wollega, Western Ethiopia. Vet J. 2020; 25: E60-E84.
39. Efrem D, Kassa T, Kebede N, Worku T. Seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and trypanosome species distribution in Jimma Horo district, Oromia regional state, Western Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2023; 20: E00280.
40. Constable P, Hinchcliff K, Done S, Grünberg W. Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats. 11th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Ltd. 2017: E2150-E2156.
41. Fayisa G, Mandefro A, Hailu B, Chala G, Alemayehu G. Epidemiological Status and Vector Identification of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Didesa District of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2015; 4: 373-380.
42. Abdeta D. Bovine Trypanosomosis Epidemiology and Tsetse Fly Density in Jimma Arjo District, East Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Vet Med Res Rep. 2021; 12: E285-E292.
43. Marcotty T, Simukoko H, Berkvens D, Vercruysse J, Praet N, Van den Bossche P. Evaluating the use of packed cell volume as an indicator of trypanosomal infections in cattle in Eastern Zambia. Prev Vet Med. 2008; 87: E288-E300.
44. Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai D, Dargantes A, Lun Z, Jittapalapong S. Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects. BioMed Res Int. 2013: E22.
45. Gonzatti M, González-Baradat B, Aso P, Reyna-Bello A. Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax and Trypanosomosis in Latin America: secadera/huequera/cachohueco. In: Magez S, Radwanska M. (Eds.), Trypanosomes and Trypanosomosis. Springer, 2014: E261-E285.
46. Morrison L, Vezza L, Rowan T, Hope J, Entrican G. The bovine trypanosome-specific antibody response to Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax infections in cattle. Annu Trop Med Parasitol. 2008; 102(2): E161-E171.
47. Kedir M, Lelisa K, Damena D. Bovine Trypanosomosis and Tsetse Fly Vectors in Abobo and Gambela Districts, Southwestern Ethiopia. J Vet Sci Technol. 2016; 7: E380.
48. Eshetu E, Barata B. The Distribution of Tsetse Flies Species and other Biting Flies in Mareka District of Dawuro Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci. 2017; 4(10): E10-E14.
49. Degneh E. Bovine Trypanosomosis: Epidemiology and Drug Resistance study in selected sites of KellemWollega Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. PhD Dissertation, Bishoftu, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa University, 2019.
50. Megersa L, Feyisa B, Dereje A, Behablom M. Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Apparent Density of Tsetse Fly in Botor Tolay District, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Biomed J Sci Tech Res. 2019; 13(3): 002401.
51. Leak S, Mulatu W, Rowlands G. Risk factors related to the presence of tsetse flies in the Southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1999; 93: E627-E635.
52. Simarro P, Cecchi G, Franco J, Paone M, Diarra A, Ruiz-Postigo J, Fèvre E. Estimating and mapping the population at risk of sleeping sickness. PLoS Neglect Trop Dis. 2010; 4(1): E659.
53. Mihret E, Abebe B, Abebe Y. Assessment of tsetse fly abundance and its associated risk factors in and around Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia. J Vet Med Animal Health. 2015; 7(3): 63-72.
Published
2024-10-17
How to Cite
(1)
Utino, S.; Sore, W. Spatial Distribution of Tsetse Fly and Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Selected Sites of Southern Ethiopia. European Journal of Biological Research 2024, 14, 76-86.
Section
Research Articles
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