Influence of plant growth regulators on carbon/nitrogen metabolism of cucumber under salt stress
Keywords:
Putrescine, Meta-topolin, 24-Epibrassinolide
Abstract
This study was designed with the objective of comparing three different plant growth regulators, putrescine (Put), meta-topolin (mT), and 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), in affecting cucumber plants under salt stress. The pilot assessment revealed that all treatments had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on vegetative traits, seedling vigor, total chlorophyll content, and root activity compared to control. The treatment T5 showed the greatest numbers in regard to the above–mentioned traits compared with other combinations. The salt stress study reported that T2 increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in leaves by 31%, 4.4%, 22.4%, and 35.2%, respectively, in comparison with the control. On the other hand, S3 markedly increased antioxidant enzyme activities, and the activity level was significantly higher than the control and salt treatment. Exogenous S3 had a highly significant effect on glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and (GDH), glutamate dehydrogenase activities in leaves and roots compared with T2. Application of S3 had a highly significant effect on sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) under salinity stress in leaves and roots compared with other salt stress treatments. The results showed that (5 mM Put + 0.002 ppm mT + 0.001 ppm EBR) treatment alleviated the growth inhibition caused by salt stress by regulating the C-N enzyme activities in cucumber plants.
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References
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3. Liu C, Wang Y, Pan, K, Zhu T, Li W, Zhang LJ. Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in leaves and roots of dwarf bamboo (Fargesia denudata Yi) subjected to drought for two consecutive years during sprouting period. J Plant Growth Regul. 2014; 33: 243-255.
4. Zhu Y, Guo J, Feng R, Jia J, Han W, Gong HJ. The regulatory role of silicon on carbohydrate metabolism in Cucumis sativus L. under salt stress. Plant Soil. 2016; 406: 231-249.
5. El-Naggar ME, Abdelsalam NR, Fouda MM, Mackled MI, Al-Jaddadi MA, Ali HM, et al. Soil application of nano silica on maize yield and its insecticidal activity against some stored insects after the post-harvest. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(4): 739.
6. Foyer CH, Noctor G, Verrier PJ. Photosynthetic carbon nitrogen interactions: modeling inter-pathway control and signaling. Ann Plant Rev. 2006; 22: 325-347.
7. Kandil EE, Abdelsalam NR, Mansour MA, Ali HM, Siddiqui MH. Potentials of organic manure and potassium forms on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and production. Sci Rep. 2020; 10: 1-11.
8. Kandil EE, Abdelsalam NR, El Aziz AaA, Ali HM, Siddiqui MH. Efficacy of nanofertilizer, fulvic acid and boron fertilizer on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield and quality. Sugar Tech. 2020; 22: 782-791.
9. Shao Q, Shu S, Du J, Xing W, Guo S, Sun J. Effects of NaCl stress on nitrogen metabolism of cucumber seedlings. Rus J Plant Physiol. 2015; 62: 595-603.
10. Gomaa M, Kandil EE, El-Dein AA, Abou-Donia ME, Ali HM, Abdelsalam NR. Increase maize productivity and water use efficiency through application of potassium silicate under water stress. Sci Rep. 2021; 11: 1-8.
11. Rashad RT, Hussien RJ. A comparison study on the effect of some growth regulators on the nutrients content of maize plant under salinity conditions. Ann Agricult Sci. 2014; 59: 89-94.
12. Elmardy NA, Yousef AF, Lin K, Zhang X, Ali MM, Lamlom SF, Kalaji HM, Kowalczyk KM, Xu Y. Photosynthetic performance of rocket (Eruca sativa. Mill.) grown under different regimes of light intensity, quality, and photoperiod. PLoS ONE 16(9): e0257745.
13. Rademache WJ. Plant growth regulators: backgrounds and uses in plant production. J Plant Growth Regul. 2015; 34: 845-872.
14. Small CC, Degenhardt D. Plant growth regulators for enhancing re vegetation success in reclamation: A review. Ecol Engin. 2018; 118: 43-51.
15. Ferguson L, Grafton-Cardwell EE. Citrus production manual. UCANR Publications. 2014.
16. Flasiński M, Hąc-Wydro K. Natural vs synthetic auxin: Studies on the interactions between plant hormones and biological membrane lipids. Environ Res. 2014; 133: 123-134.
17. Choudhary SP, Bhardwaj R, Gupta B, Dutt P, Gupta R, Kanwar M, Biondi S. Enhancing effects of 24-epibrassinolide and Putrescine on the antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activity of Raphanus sativus seedlings under Cu ion stress. Acta Physiol Plant. 2011; 33: 1319-1333.
18. Sayed HA, Esraa AM, Weijie J, Basheer N , Hongjun Y, Peng L. Effect of different plant bio-stimulants in improving cucumber growth under soilless culture. Eur J Biol Res. 2021; 11: 146-155.
19. Wang L, Yang L, Yang F, Li X, Song Y, Wang X, Hu X. Involvements of H2O2 and metallothionein in NO-mediated tomato tolerance to copper toxicity. J Plant Physiol. 2010; 167(15): 1298-1306.
20. Hasan SA, Hayat S, Ali B, Ahmad A. 28Homobrassinolide Protects Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)from Cadmium Toxicity by Stimulating Antioxidants. Environ Poll. 2008; 151: 60-66.
21. Bradford M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding Anal Biochem. 1976; 72: 248-254.
22. Ertani A, Sambo P, Nicoletto C, Santagata S, Schiavon M, Nardi S. The use of organic biostimulants in hot pepper plants to help low input sustainable agriculture. Chem Biol Technol Agricult. 2015; 2: 11.
23. Bremner JM. Nitrogen-Total, Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3. Chemical Methods. 1996; https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c37.
24. Xu J, Mohamed E, Li Q, Lu T, Yu H, Jiang WJ. Effect of humic acid addition on buffering capacity and nutrient storage capacity of soilless substrates. Front Plant Sci. 2021; 12: Article 644229.
25. Hernández J A, Almansa M. Short‐term effects of salt stress on antioxidant systems and leaf water relations of pea leaves. Physiol Plant. 2002; 115(2): 251-257.
26. Wu X, He J, Chen J, Yang S, Zha D. Alleviation of exogenous 6-benzyladenine on two genotypes of eggplant (Solanum melongena Mill.) growth under salt stress. Protoplasma. 2014; 251: 169-176.
27. Khanam D, Mohammad F. Plant growth regulators ameliorate the ill effect of salt stress through improved growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant system, yield and quality attributes in Mentha piperita L. Acta Physiol Plant. 2018; 40:188.
28. Youssef MA, Yousef AF, Ali MM, Ahmed AI, Lamlom SF, Strobel WR, Kalaji HM. Exogenously applied nitrogenous fertilizers and effective microorganisms improve plant growth of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) and soil fertility. AMB Express. 2021; 11: 133.
29. Akter P, Rahman MA. Effect of foliar application of IAA and GA on sex expression, yield attributes and yield of bitter gourd (Momordica Charantia L.). Chittagong Univ J Biol Sci. 2010; 5(1): 55-62.
30. Schiavon M, Ertani A, Nardi S. Effects of an alfalfa protein hydro lysate on the gene expression and activity of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and nitrogen metabolism in Zea mays L. J Agric Food Chem. 2008; 56(24): 11800-11808.
31. Yuan L, Yuan Y, Du J, Sun J, Guo SJ. Effects of 24-epibrassinolide on nitrogen metabolism in cucumber seedlings under Ca (NO3) 2 stress. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2012; 61: 29-35.
32. Chakrabarti N, Mukherji S. Effect of phytohormone pretreatment on nitrogen metabolism in Vigna radiata under salt stress. Biol Plant. 2003; 26: 63-66.
33. Nathawat N, Kuhad M, Goswami C, Patel A, Kumar R. Nitrogen-metabolizing enzymes: effect of nitrogen sources and saline irrigation. Plant Nutr. 2005; 28: 1089-1101.
34. Sairam R, Srivastav G, Agarwal S, Meena R. Differences in antioxidant activity in response to salinity stress in tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes. Biol Plant. 2005; 49: 85-91.
35. Tang YY, Yuan YH, Shu S, Guo SRJSH. Regulatory mechanism of NaCl stress on photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity mediated by transglutaminase in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings. Scientia Horticult. 2018; 235: 294-306.
36. Zhao J, Abdelsalam NR., Khalaf L, Chuang WP, Zhao L, Smith CM, et al. Development of single nucleotide polymorphism markers for the wheat curl mite resistance gene Cmc4. Crop Sci. 2019; 59: 1567-1575.
37. Zhao L, Liu S, Abdelsalam NR, Carver BF, and Bai G. Characterization of wheat curl mite resistance gene Cmc4 in OK05312. Theor Appl Gen. 2021; 134: 993-1005.
38. Maathuis FJ. The role of monovalent cation transporters in plant responses to salinity. J Exp Bot. 2006; 57(5): 1137-1147.
39. Gorbe E, Calatayud AJSH. Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging technique in horticultural research: A review. Scientia Hortic. 2012; 138: 24-35.
40. Demetriou G, Neonaki C, Navakoudis E, Kotzabasis K. Salt stress impact on the molecular structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus-the protective role of polyamines. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg. 2007; 1767: 272-280.
41. Yang L, Koo DH, Li Y, Zhang X, Luan F, Havey MJ, et al. Chromosome re arrangements during domestication of cucumber as revealed by high‐density genetic mapping and draft genome assembly. Plant J. 2012; 71: 895-906.
42. Shi H, Ye T, Chan Z. Comparative proteomic and physiological analyses reveal the protective effect of exogenous polyamines in the bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) response to salt and drought stresses. J Proteome Res. 2013; 12(11): 4951-4964.
43. Prajapati S, Jamkar T, Singh O, Raypuriya N, Mandloi R, Jain PJPA. Plant growth regulators in vegetable production: An overview. Plant Arch. 2015; 10: 2582-8223.
44. Hu C, Zhao H, Shi J, Li J, Nie X, Yang GJ. Effects of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on cucumber fruit development and metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(5): 1126.
45. Fontaine JX, Tercé-Laforgue T, Armengaud P, Clément G, Renou JP, Pelletier S, et al. Characterization of a NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase mutant of Arabidopsis demonstrates the key role of this enzyme in root carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Plant Cell. 2012; 24: 4044-4065.
46. Lea PJ, Miflin BJ. Nitrogen assimilation and its relevance to crop improvement. Annual Plant Reviews book series, 2018; 42.
47. Skopelitis DS, Paranychianakis NV, Paschalidis KA, Pliakonis ED, Delis ID, Yakoumakis DI, et al. Abiotic stress generates ROS that signal expression of anionic glutamate dehydrogenases to form glutamate for proline synthesis in tobacco and grapevine. Plant Cell. 2006; 18: 2767-2781.
48. Skopelitis DS, Paranychianakis NV, Kouvarakis A, Spyros A, Stephanou EG, Roubelakis-Angelakis K. The isoenzyme 7 of tobacco NAD (H)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase exhibits high deaminating and low aminating activities in vivo. Plant Physiol. 2007; 145: 1726-1734.
49. Forde BG, Lea PJ. Glutamate in plants: metabolism, regulation, and signalling. J Exp Bot. 2007; 58(9): 2339-2358.
50. Labboun S, Tercé-Laforgue T, Roscher A, Bedu M, Restivo FM, Velanis CN, et al. Resolving the role of plant glutamate dehydrogenase. I. In vivo real time nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments. Plant Cell Physiol. 2009; 50: 1761-1773.
51. Tonon G, Kevers C, Faivre-Rampant O, Graziani M, Gaspar TJ. Effect of NaCl and mannitol iso-osmotic stresses on proline and free polyamine levels in embryogenic Fraxinus angustifolia callus. J Plant Physiol. 2004; 161: 701-708.
52. Shi H, Chan ZJ. Improvement of plant abiotic stress tolerance through modulation of the polyamine pathway. J Integr Plant Biol. 2014; 56(2): 114-121.
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Published
2024-07-28
How to Cite
(1)
Abdelgalil, S.; Mohamed, E.; Jiang, W.; Yu, H.; Li, Q.; Liu, P.; Sallam, B. Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Carbon/Nitrogen Metabolism of Cucumber under Salt Stress. European Journal of Biological Research 2024, 14, 45-63.
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
