Organoids: inception and utilization of 3D organ models
Keywords:
Organoids, Adult stem cells, Pluripotent stem cells, Genome engineering, Bioprinting
Abstract
Over the previous decade, one of the most exciting advancements in stem cell technology has been the development of organoid culture system. Organoids are new research tools created in-vitro, to form self-organizing 3-Dimensional structures that encompass some of the crucial characteristics of the represented organ. Organoids are grown from stem cells from an organ of interest. There are potentially as many types of organoids as there are different tissues and organs in a body. It is challenging for scientists to understand the underlying mechanism of biological processes with complex spatial cellular organization and tissue dynamics. Also, how they are disrupted in a disease is impossible to study in-vivo, but discovery of organoids is revolutionizing the fields of biology. Since success in these platforms will be restricted without the proficiency to alter the genomic content, genome engineering was also applied in recently discovered organoid cultures for correcting mutations. This review discusses the history, culturing methods, current achievements, and potential applications of this technique. These applications involve drug screening, personalized oncological medication, disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and developmental biology. The study of organoids has provided a novel platform in biological sciences, with new approaches for stem cell technology.
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References
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19. Gopalakrishnan J. The emergence of stem cell‐based brain organoids: trends and challenges. Bioessays. 2019; 41(8): 1900011.
20. Sato T, Stange D, Ferrante M, Vries RGJ, Van Es JH, den Brink SV, et al. Long-term expansion of epithelial organoids from human colon, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and Barrett's epithelium. Gastroenterology. 2011; 141(5): 1762-1772.
21. Wang Y, Wang H, Deng P, Chen W, Guo Y, Tao T, Qin K. In situ differentiation and generation of functional liver organoids from human iPSCs in a 3D perfusable chip system. Lab Chip. 2018; 18(23): 3606-3616.
22. Loomans C, Giuliani NW, Balak J, Ringnalda F, van Gurp L, Huch M, et al. Expansion of adult human pancreatic tissue yields organoids harboring progenitor cells with endocrine differentiation potential. Stem Cell Rep. 2018; 10(3): 712-724.
23. Ma R, Morshed S, Latif R, Davies T. Thyroid cell differentiation from murine induced pluripotent stem cells. Front Endocrinol. 2015; 6: 56.
24. Chang Y, Chu T, Ding D. Human fallopian tube epithelial cells exhibit stemness features, self-renewal capacity, and Wnt-related organoid formation. J Biomed Sci. 2020; 27(1): 32.
25. Turco M, Gardner L, Hughes J, Cindrova-Davies T, Gomez MJ, Farrell L, et al. Long-term, hormone-responsive organoid cultures of human endometrium in a chemically defined medium. Nat Cell Biol. 2017; 19(5): 568-577.
26. Qu Y, Han B, Gao B, Bose B, Gong Y, Wawrowsky K, et al. Differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells to mammary-like organoids. Stem Cell Rep. 2017; 8(2): 205-215.
27. Fligor C, Langer K, Sridhar A, Ren Y, Shields PK, Edler MC, et al. Three-dimensional retinal organoids facilitate the investigation of retinal ganglion cell development, organization and neurite outgrowth from human pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1): 14520.
28. Longworth-Mills E, Koehler K, Hashino E. Generating inner ear organoids from mouse embryonic stem cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2015; 1341: 391-406.
29. Hoang P, Wang J, Conklin B, Healy K, Ma Z. Generation of spatial-patterned early-developing cardiac organoids using human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc. 2018; 13(4): 723-737.
30. Prieto J. The promise of gene therapy in gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Gut. 2003; 52(90002): ii49-54.
31. Min S, Kim S, Cho S. Gastrointestinal tract modeling using organoids engineered with cellular and microbiota niches. Exp Mol Med. 2020; 52(2): 227-237.
32. McCracken K, Catá E, Crawford C, Sinagoga KL, Schumacher M, Rockich BE, et al. Modelling human development and disease in pluripotent stem-cell-derived gastric organoids. Nature. 2014; 516(7531): 400-404.
33. Naehrig S, Chao C, Naehrlich L. Cystic Fibrosis. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017; 114: 564-574.
34. Inacio P. Proteostasis on track to develop organoids for personalized medicine strategy for CF patients with rare mutations. 2020. https://cysticfibrosisnewstoday.com/2020/01/27/proteostasis-on-track-collect-organoids-personalized-medicine-strategy-cf-patients-rare-mutations/.
35. van Mourik P, Beekman J, van der Ent C. Intestinal organoids to model cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J. 2019; 54(1): 1802379.
36. de Poel E, Lefferts J, Beekman J. Intestinal organoids for cystic fibrosis research. J Cyst Fibros. 2020; 19: S60-S64.
37. Boj S, Vonk A, Statia M, Su J, Vries RRG, Beekman JM, Clevers H. Forskolin-induced swelling in intestinal organoids: an in vitro assay for assessing drug response in cystic fibrosis patients. J Vis Exp. 2017; (120): 55159.
38. de Winter-de Groot K, Janssens H, van Uum R, Dekkers JF, Berkers G, Vonk A, et al. Stratifying infants with cystic fibrosis for disease severity using intestinal organoid swelling as a biomarker of CFTR function. Eur Respir J. 2018; 52(3): 1702529.
39. Schwank G, Koo B, Sasselli V, Dekkers JF, Heo I, Demircan T, et al. Functional repair of CFTR by CRISPR/Cas9 in intestinal stem cell organoids of cystic fibrosis patients. Cell Stem Cell. 2013; 13(6): 653-658.
40. Bloom K, Maepa M, Ely A, Arbuthnot P. Gene therapy for chronic HBV - can we eliminate cccDNA? Genes. 2018; 9(4): 207.
41. Akbari S, Arslan N, Senturk S, Erdal E. Next-generation liver medicine using organoid models. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019; 7: 345.
42. Thomas H, Jacyna M, Waters J, Main J. Virus-host interaction in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Semin Liver Dis. 1988; 8(4): 342-349.
43. Weller J, Budson A. Current understanding of Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis and treatment. F1000Res. 2018; 7: 1161.
44. Arber C, Lovejoy C, Wray S. Stem cell models of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and challenges. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017; 9(1): 42.
45. Papaspyropoulos A, Tsolaki M, Foroglou N, Pantazaki A. Modeling and targeting Alzheimer’s disease with organoids. Front Pharmacol. 2020; 11: 396.
46. Raja W, Mungenast A, Lin Y, Ko T, Abdurrob F, Seo J, Tsai LH. Self-organizing 3D human neural tissue derived from induced pluripotent stem cells recapitulate Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11(9): e0161969.
47. Muffat J, Li Y, Jaenisch R. CNS disease models with human pluripotent stem cells in the CRISPR age. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2016; 43: 96-103.
48. Pardieck J, Sakiyama-Elbert S. Genome engineering for CNS injury and disease. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2018; 52: 89-94.
49. Qian X, Nguyen H, Jacob F, Song H, Ming G. Using brain organoids to understand Zika virus-induced microcephaly. Development. 2017; 144(6): 952-957.
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Published
2020-12-19
How to Cite
(1)
Banadka, A.; Panwar, A.; Bhagwanani, H.; Saha, P. Organoids: Inception and Utilization of 3D Organ Models. European Journal of Biological Research 2020, 11, 99-121.
Section
Review Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
